Etiology • Unknown; tobacco (smokeless) associated most commonly • Role of HPV is unclear. • A possible precursor to verrucous carcinoma
Clinical Presentation • Exophytic, papillary, keratotic fronds of epithelium • May be part of the proliferative verrucous leukoplakia spectrum
Microscopic Findings • Papillary to verruciform surface projections • Keratin varies in thickness • Broad, bosselated epithelial ridges • Well-differentiated cellular features • Some similarity to early verrucous carcinoma
Diagnosis • Microscopic features
Clinical Presentation • Exophytic, papillary, keratotic fronds of epithelium • May be part of the proliferative verrucous leukoplakia spectrum
Microscopic Findings • Papillary to verruciform surface projections • Keratin varies in thickness • Broad, bosselated epithelial ridges • Well-differentiated cellular features • Some similarity to early verrucous carcinoma
Diagnosis • Microscopic features
Differential Diagnosis • Verrucous carcinoma • Papillary squamous cell carcinoma • Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Treatment • Excision or ablation (eg, laser, electrocautery) • Continued observation
Prognosis • Good with complete excision • Recurrence is common.